|
Water supply and sanitation in Kenya is characterised by low levels of access, in particular in urban slums and in rural areas, as well as poor service quality in the form of intermittent water supply. Only 9 out of 55 water service providers in Kenya provide continuous water supply, as of 2009.〔 Seasonal and regional water scarcity exacerbates the difficulty to improve water supply. The Kenyan water sector underwent far-reaching reforms through the Water Act No. 8 of 2002. Previously service provision had been the responsibility of a single National Water Conservation and Pipeline Corporation as well as of a few local utilities established since 1996. After the passage of the act service provision was gradually decentralised to 117 Water Service Providers (WSPs). These are linked to 8 regional Water Services Boards (WSBs) in charge of asset management through Service Provision Agreements (SPAs). The Act also created a national regulatory board (WASREB) that carries out performance benchmarking and is in charge of approving SPAs and tariff adjustments. The Ministry of Water and Irrigation is in charge of policies for water supply and the Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation is in charge of policies for sanitation. Although urban water tariffs are high by regional standards (US$0.46 per m3 on average in 2007)〔 the level of cost recovery is low due to a high level of non-revenue water (average of 47%)〔(Unaccounted for Water – WASREB Impact Report 2009 ), pp.23–25. Retrieved 10 March 2010〕 and high costs. Costs are high due to the need to tap distant water sources (e.g. Mombasa is supplied from a source located 220 km from the city) and due to high levels of staffing (11 workers per 1000 connections or more than twice the sector benchmark).〔(Staff per 1000 connections – WASREB Impact Report 2009 ), pp.35–36. Retrieved 10 March 2010〕 Investment in the sector increased fivefold from US$55m in 2004–05 to almost US$301m in 2008–09. 58% of this amount was financed by the government with its own resources, 31% by external donors and 11% was self-financed by utilities.〔 == Data sources and interpretation == Collecting reliable data on the Kenyan water and sanitation sector is difficult because reporting is often incomplete and different definitions are being used. Two sources of nationwide representative information are censuses carried out every ten years, with the latest one carried out in August 2009,〔(Kenya Census 2009 ), accessed on 9 May 2010〕 and Demographic and Health Surveys carried out every five years by the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. The data thus collected are analysed by the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation of WHO and UNICEF to assess progress towards achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.〔African Ministers' Council on Water, AMCOW and Water and Sanitation Program (2006) (Getting Africa on Track to Meet the MDGs on Water Supply and Sanitation – A Status Review of Sixteen African Countries ), pp.33–43. Retrieved 6 March 2010〕 These data only assess the availability of water and sanitation infrastructure. They do not assess whether water is safe to drink, sufficient in quantity, continuously available or affordable. Another important source of information is the annual "impact report" published by the water regulatory agency WASREB since 2008.〔Ministry of Water and Irrigation: (Annual Water Sector Review 2009 ), pp.19–20 Retrieved 1 March 2010〕 Through this report much more detailed information is publicly available today on many water service providers than in the past and than in many other countries. However, information in the report is not complete. Out of 118 registered Water Service Providers only 55 submitted complete information for the 2009 report and 48 submitted no information at all.〔(Services Regulatory Board:http://www.wasreb.go.ke/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70&Itemid=145 Impact Report 2009 ), p. 14〕 The population in the service area of the 55 reporting WSPs (46 urban and 9 rural) is estimated at 9.5 million or less than one third of Kenyans. The report does not claim that its figures are representative for the entire country. However, unlike the census and survey data quoted by the JMP, the impact report does take into consideration water quantity, quality, distance, cost, and waiting time in its definition of what the report calls "weighted access". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Water supply and sanitation in Kenya」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|